Microwave Power Transmission Essay Example for Free

Microwave Power Transmission Essay Microwave power transmission (MPT) is one of the applications of microwaves to transmit power from one place to another place without the need for wires. It is the type of the Electromagnetic Radiations, one of the wireless energy transfer methods. Introduction: Firstly, we will talk about the term Microwaves, Microwaves can also be termed as Radio waves having wavelengths ranging from one millimeter to one meter and the frequencies from 300MHz to 300GHz. These are also known as millimeter waves. These waves can also be used for power transmission in such a way, by converting DC power to microwaves and then by using antenna, these are transmitted, and after that rectenna receive those waves and converts them into DC again which can be further inverted into AC. The basic components include microwave source, an antenna for transmission, and a rectenna as a receiver. It has many applications such as it is used for power supply purpose in orbital lift space ships. Discussion: After the World War II, we saw the development in high-power microwave emitters, also known as Cavity magnetrons, and this lead to the idea of using microwaves for power transmission. In 1964, William C. Brown demonstrated the working of rectenna in helicopter as it converts microwave power into electricity, and is capable of achieving high efficiencies – over 90%. Now it is commonly used for transferring energy to the surface of earth from solar power satellites. Numbers of researches are made. In 2008, an experiment of long range power transmission was performed and successfully transmitted 20 watts up-to 92 miles. Conclusion: Microwave Power Transmission is very efficient way of transferring power from one place to another, wirelessly. With the passage of time, its applications in daily life are increasing because of its efficiency. It is also perceived by the people that microwaves are very dangerous as they are used in microwave ovens but, it would be safe enough as the power level would be equal to the leakage but slightly more than the leakage from the cell phones. It has been also researched on multiple generations of animals by exposing them to microwave radiations of high intensity but no health issue was found.

Safety in High-rise Building Construction

Safety in High-rise Building Construction Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background In previous decades since workers balanced themselves at dizzying heights above ground with little to prevent them from falling, high-rise construction has been layered in safety regulations and equipment. Construction can be referred as a relatively hazardous undertaking. There are significantly more injuries and lost workdays due to injuries or illnesses in construction as compared to any other industry. In contrast to most industrial accidents, innocent bystanders also get injured due to construction accidents. Several crane collapses from high rise buildings under construction have resulted in injuries to passersby. Safety during a high-rise construction project is affected in large part by decisions made during the planning and design stage. Some designs or construction plans are inherently difficult and dangerous to put into practice, whereas other, similar plans may considerably reduce the possibility of dangerous accidents. Beyond these design decisions, safety also depends largely upon education, alertness and cooperation during the construction process. Workers should be always alert to the possibilities of accidents and avoid taken unnecessary risks. 1.2 Related Problems The causes of injuries in high-rise construction are plentiful. The largest single category for both injuries and fatalities is individual falls. Handling of goods and transportation are also a major cause of injuries. An individual fall may be caused by a series of coincidences: inattentive worker or an insecure railing or slippery footing etc. Removing any one of these causes might serve to stop any particular accident, but again each casualty may have multiple causes. Many measures are available to improve jobsite safety in construction. These include design, choice of safety equipment, education and vigilance. By altering facility designs, particular structures can be safer or more hazardous to construct. Choice of different safety equipments plays an important role in overall safety of project. Educating workers and managers in proper procedures and hazards also has a direct impact on jobsite safety. During the construction process itself, the most important safety related measures are to insure proper vigilance and cooperation on the part of managers, inspectors and workers. Vigilance involves bearing in mind the risks of different working practices. In also involves maintaining temporary physical safeguards. 1.3 Aim To study and evaluate the Safety in High Rise Construction with special focus on safety at construction in Kuwait: issues, problems, procedures, and recommendations 1.4 Objectives To study and understand the various risks involved, and the safety issues related to construction and analysis the previous work done in this field. To evaluate the existing safety procedures, policies, regulations and accident prevention methods with respect to construction industry in Kuwait. Development of questionnaire and conducting survey and interviews with the contractors and the consultants and safety engineers To identify the root of safety problems related to construction in Kuwait and recommend potential safety programs and solutions and estimating the likely effect on project progress and accident reduction Suggesting some recommendations for safety at construction based on the study at Kuwait 1.5 Expected outcomes At the end of project, a reader will be able to understand the various risks involved in high rise construction and the various measures followed to reduce that risk. The practices followed and measures developed to make high-rise construction a safer job will be listed in report. 1.6 Resources used The resources that will be used for this study will include various international papers and books regarding safety in high-rise construction. The papers and books will be generally taken from the university library and some of them will be taken from the internet, while the use of internet resources will be kept to a minimum. 1.7 Gantt Chart Gantt Chart: Project on Safety in High Rise Construction TASKS Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Selection of the Topic Submission of the Project Proposal Literature survey on the Topic Submission of the Interim Report Main Research on the Topic Conclusion and Recommendations Final Report Submission CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Researches Done at International Level In most countries, the building and construction industry has a high rate of occupational accidents. In the EU15, the rate of construction injuries leading to over three days absence from work exceeded 6,000 per 100,000 employees in 2005 (Arbetsmiljà ¶verket, 2008). Although this is approximately three times the rate in the Swedish construction industry, Swedens rate still places building and construction among the top 10 occupational sectors for occupational accidents in the country. Much effort has been made to reduce the rate of industrial accidents, mainly through technical solutions, rules, and regulation. In an interview study of the Australian construction industry, Holmes, Lingard, Yesilyurt, and De Munk (1999) found that risk was largely attributed to the nature of the work, poor individual work practices, ignorance, andwork pressure due to budgetary and time constraints. To successfully approach these sources of risk there is a need to understand not only underlying struct ural and organizational conditions, but also psychological and social factors. Such a broadened and deepened perspective on safety should supplement rather than replace the engineering approach. The concepts of safety culture and safety climate are important contributions from the behavioral and social sciences to our understanding of occupational safety. Denison (1996) stated that the concepts of organizational culture and climate both suggest the existence of a shared, holistic, and collectively defined social context that emerges over time. The two concepts share many features, though organizational culture places greater emphasis on creating the social environment whereas organizational climate corresponds to how this social environment is experienced by the actors and thus is more external (Denison). Zohar (1980) defined organizational climate as a summary of molar perceptions that employees share about their work environments.Neal and Griffin(2006) defined perceived safety cli mate. as individual perceptions of policies, procedures and practices relating to safety in the workplace and suggested that group safety climate refers to perceptions shared within the group. According to organizational climate theory (Schneider, 1975), such shared perceptions will result in normative conclusions as to the correct way to behave in relation to safety in the organization. Climate serves to guide ones own behavior and contributes to the predictability of the behavior of others (Guldenmund, 2000). Pidgeon (1991) suggested that organizational culture represents a shared meaning system (i.e., a system of symbols, ideas, rules, and cognitions, with certain observable behavioral consequences); furthermore, he defined safety culture as the set of beliefs, norms, attitudes, roles, and social and technical practices which are concerned with minimizing the exposure of employees, managers, customers, and members of the public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious. Pid geon stated that such construed meaning systems specifywhat is important and legitimate to the group, and that this culture is created and recreated asmembers of the group repeatedly behave in a way that seems natural and unquestionable to them, thus constructing a particular version of risk and safety. Pidgeon also suggested that it is misleading to consider only organizational or corporate culture, as the cultures of workgroups, departments, divisions, and organizations, as well as cultures at an even broader macro level (e.g., nations) are nested within one another as well as overlapping. Both safety climate and safety culture are socially construed phenomena and the importance of these concepts to occupational safety is generally accepted (e.g., Zohar 1980; Zohar, 2002; Donald Canter, 1994; Pidgeon, 1998; Guldenmund, 2000; Lee Harrison, 2000; Cooper Phillips, 2004; Mearns, Whitaker, Flin, 2003; Neal Griffin, 2006; Clarke, 2006b; Pousette, Larsson, Tà ¶rner, 2008). Gun (1993) investigated contractors safety performances at 98 di.erent con struction sites over 2 years. It was concluded that management training and good management practices are most likely to prevent injuries which are associated with the violation of regulations. Hinze and Raboud (1988) studied safety on large construction projects; the study discussed the relationships between company size, level safety policy, project level safety policy, project coordination, and economic pressure on worker safety. It was found that higher frequencies of construction accidents occurred on projects that were over budget and those that were compete tively bid. According to a Business Round Table report (Construction Industry Institute, 1988), the cost of an effective construction safety and health program in the USA is approximately 2.5% of direct labor costs. Successful safety programs have been developed by many construction companies and have shown remarkable results. Duponts safety training and observation program achieved good results in reducing work-place accidents (Peyton and Rubio, 1991). Bechtel reported that 83% of their projects are meeting the zero goal after applying the `Zero Accident Program; this program reduced lost-time injuries in 1993 to less than half when compared with 1992 (Center to Protect Workers Rights, 1993). Hakkinen (1995), developed a training program called one hour for safety management to provide safety education and training for top management. The program was applied in 100 companies and showed success in attracting managements attention to safety issues. Ringdahl (1990) designed a simple model for cost benefit evaluation of improving safety measures at companies. Jaselskis et al. (1996) presented strategies for improving safety performance on both a company and a project level. 2.2 Safety problems in Construction Construction sites tend to have several employers working on them simultaneously, making safety coordination in such a dynamic environment a very complex process. Temporary duration of work, together with the rapidly changing character of the site are in complete contrast to regular factory production and form a serious hazard to safety. These special features and problems arise from the following: 2.2.1. Competitive tendering Contractors often feel that their bids will be considered even if they do not make proper provisions for safety costs. In the case of hard-pressed local authorities, struggling with government-imposed spending cuts, and smaller  ®rms on the brink of survival in a business recession, this problem is usually more acute and seldom comes to the surface. These problems a.ected Kuwait after the liberation, due to expenditure cuts and a large number of small construction  ®rms. The extent of cost cuts by government and the low number of governmental projects have increased the competitive tendering between companies in the last 5 years. As a result, contractors have been forced to reduce their pro ®ts and costs to stay in the market and allow projects to sell to other companies or subcontractors to secure a pro ®t margin. As shown earlier in the questionnaire distributed to construction  ®rms, most contractors do not consider safety costs in their tenders unless it is recognized by the contract documents. Statistics show that lost-time accident frequency rates, which ranged from 2.5 to 6 per 100,000 man-hours worked on contracts where no provision for safety costs been made in tenders, could be reduced to a range of 0.2 to 1 per 100,000 man-hours worked on projects where proper safety planning and costing had been done and the costs accepted by the client (King and Hudson, 1985). 2.2.2. Lack of safety regulations The absence of a uni ®ed set of safety regulations adversely a.ects the enforcement of safety on the job site. The MPW has a safety chapter in its construction practices manual, KOC has its own manual, and no safety standard manual exists in KM. Projects constructed by American companies are ruled by OSHA and/or the US Army Corps of Engineers safety manual. International standards are not necessarily applicable to the Kuwaiti work environment since methods of practice in advanced and industrial countries di.er from those used in Kuwait. Other national standards have not been updated to comply with the new technology and constructability methods; for example, the prohibition against using wooden sca.olding is not included in such standards. 2.2.3. Small size of most construction  ®rms The open trade and commercial lease given to its citizens by the Kuwaiti government encourages many citizens to establish small businesses, which are especially concentrated in construction. Small construction  ®rms with less than 10 employees account for about 60% of construction  ®rms in Kuwait. This high proportion of small undertakings is a handicap to the spread and adoption of safe working practices. After the liberation, private housing businesses  ¯ourished, attracting many small  ®rms and independent contractors with limited experience in building construction. These  ®rms cannot a.ord the services of safety specialists or instructors, resulting in little opportunity for organized safety instructions either o.- or on-site. Compared to large  ®rms, the small  ®rms are usually short of capital and under great pressure to cut costs at the expense of safety. Construction at this level is a competitive arena, where the saving of a few dinars means the di.erence between success and failure. In addition, most small  ®rms use temporary labor and may not assure continuity of work, so investing money in training and equipment for them is considered an unnecessary cost. Also, it is more di cult for government safety inspectors to inspect the work and practices of a large number of small  ®rms than a smaller number of medium-sized and large ones. 2.2.4. Extensive use of subcontractors The specialization of activities on building sites has been a main factor leading to the extensive employment of subcontractors. Many companies in Kuwait look for safe and fast pro ®t, selling their projects to subcontractors for a certain percentage of the pro ®t. This causes many problems in coordination, safety planning, allocating safety responsibility, and communication. In practice the e.ective control of site-safety practices is di cult to enforce when a number of small subcontractors, especially those with fewer than  ®ve employees, are engaged on one site. The main responsibility is taken by the general contractor, who should insist that all necessary safety measures are written into the subcontractors agreement. Unless proper provision is allowed for the subcontractors to consider safety in their bid, it is doubtful whether they will take safety seriously. 2.2.5. Lack of relevant accident data If you cannot measure safety, then you certainly cannot manage it. The lack of o cial safety data and records of construction accidents at sites makes safety the last issue to be concerned by the contractor and owner. The people on-site and at management level are not aware of safety problems, since they are not informed by the statistics or  ®gs. of serious and fatal accidents that have occurred at sites, and the number of disabilities that resulted from such accidents. 2.2.6. Extensive use of foreign labor Kuwait as a rich developing country attracts many investments and working labor. The employment of migrant labor has always been a special characteristic of construction sites in Kuwait. Different labor cultures and traditions reflect on human relations, different work habits, and communication problems. Most construction workers in Kuwait are unskilled, untrained, and inexperienced, especially after the liberation. They come from poor communities of other countries and are ready to work in any job to establish a reasonable life for their families; many do not see their families for 2 ±3 years in order to save some money for the future. The workers are emotionally vulnerable and preoccupied with their problems since most of them are working in unsecured conditions and not on their sponsors bail. All of these above conditions can a.ect the concentration and attention of the worker and may contribute to mistakes. 2.3 Research methodology for Study in Kuwait Different research activities have been used to collect the necessary information and data related to this research. Among these are  ®eld visits, questionnaires, and interviews. 2.3.1. Contractors questionnaire To understand the problems associated with the implementation of safety pro- grams in construction companies, questionnaires were mailed to technical managers, safety directors, and in some cases chief engineers. Key persons in companies were identi ®ed either by business contacts or by direct phone calls to the companies. Thirty-two questionnaires were mailed to various large, medium, and small-sized construction companies in Kuwait. The questionnaire covered a range of subjects related to safety, namely: (1) companys profile; (2) safety records; (3) accident statistics; (4) training; and (e) safety policy. 2.3.2. Consultants questionnaire Another study was conducted to determine the extent to which designers recognize the need to address the safety of construction workers in project plans, contractors selection criteria, contract clauses concerning safety, and procedures followed at job site supervision. Addresses of key consultants were identified from a bulletin distributed by the Kuwait Engineering Society. 2.3.3. Interviews A number of interviews were conducted with safety engineers, heads of safety departments in government ministries, and company superintendents. The interviews stressed the di culties in implementing safety at job sites, government procedures and policies, safety standards, cause of most construction accidents, and methods of prevention. Interviews with contractors superintendents covered safety programs, labor behavior and companys investment in safety. Visits were also made to two major insurance companies dealing with construction insurance in Kuwait. The questions covered insurance types, premiums, major accidents, companies commitment to safety procedures at the job site, labor compensation, accident records, accident investigation procedures, and insurance companies role in safety in general. References * Cooke, T., Lingard, H., Blismas, N., Stranieri, A., 2008. ToolSHeDTM: the development and evaluation of a decision support tool for health and safety in construction design. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 15 (4), 336-351. * Gambatese, J.A., Behm, M., Rajendran, S., 2008. Designs role in construction accident causality and prevention: perspectives from an expect panel. Safety Science 46 (4), 675-691. * Low, S.P., Sua, C.S., 2000. The maintenance of construction safety: riding on ISO 9000 quality management systems. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 6 (1), 28-44. * Mohamed, A. et al, 1993. Safety of concrete high-rise buildings during construction. Purdue University. * Abdelhamid, T.S., Patel, B., Howell, G.A., Mitropoulos, P., 2003. Signal detection theory: enabling work near the edge. In: Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC-11), Blacksburg, USA. Proceedings, Virginia Tech. * Ballard, G., 2000. The Last Planner System of Production Control, PhD thesis, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Birmingham, UK. * Cameron, I., Hare, B., Duff, R., Maloney, B., 2006. An investigation of approaches to worker engagement. Health and Safety Executive, Research Report RR516, 96 p. * Cherns, A., 1978. The principles of sociotechnical design. In: Pasmore, W., Sherwood, J. (Eds.), Sociotechnical Systems: A Source Book. University Associates, La Jolla, pp. 61-71. * Hale, A., Heijer, T., 2006. Is resilience really necessary? The case of railways. In: Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N. (Eds.), Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, pp. 115-137, 392 p. * Harper, R., Koehn, E., 1998. Managing industrial construction safety in southeast Texas. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 124 (6), 452-457. * Hinze, J. 2002. Making zero injuries a reality. Construction Industry Institute (Report 160), Gainesville, 110 p. * Hoffman, R., Feltovich, P., Ford, K., Woods, D., Klein, G., Feltovich, A., 2002. A rose by any other name. . .would probably be given an acronym. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 72-80. * Hollnagel, E., 2004. Barriers and Accident Prevention. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 1999. Cognitive systems engineering: new wine in new bottles. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 51 (2), 339-356. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., 2005. Joint Cognitive Systems: An Introduction to Cognitive Systems Engineering. Taylor and Francis, London. * Hollnagel, E., Woods, D., Levenson, N., 2006. Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK, 392 p. * Hopkins, A., 2006. What are we to make of safe behaviour programs? Safety Science 44, 583-597. * Igarashi, R., 1991. The big picture. In: Mctighe, E. (Ed.), Visual control systems. Productivity Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-12. The Factory Management Notebook Series, 1 (2). * Kolluru, R., Bartell, S., Pitblado, R., Stricoff, R., 1996. Risk Assessment and Management Handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York. * Koskela, L., 2000. An Exploration towards a Production Theory and its Application to Construction. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, 258 p. * Laufer, A., Tucker, R., 1987. Is construction planning really doing its job? A critical examination of focus, role and process. Construction Management and Economics 5, 243-266.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Communist Manifesto -- Grapes Wrath

The Grapes of Wrath as a Communist Manifesto  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinbeck's political views are quite evident within The Grapes of Wrath. The subject of much controversy, The Grapes of Wrath serves as a social protest and commentary. Steinbeck's views as expressed through the novel tie directly into the Marxist ideals on communism.    Perhaps the first thing Steinbeck does in The Grapes of Wrath is establish the status quo. He sets up the farmers and the banks as the two main opposing forces. "Lord and serf... in a word, oppressor and oppressed" (Marx, 1) Immediately Steinbeck sets up the very same situation Marx establishes in The Communist Manifesto complete with proletarian (farmers) and bourgeois (bankers) classes.    The Joads and the other farmers clearly represent Marx's proletariat. The entire struggle they face is that of finding work or dying on the most basic of levels. Still, they fall victim to the conditions of the Great Depression, resulting in their continued inability to procure such a job. The migrants appear strongly as " the proletariat, the modern working class... who live only so long as they find work .. who must sell themselves piecemeal ... and are consequently exposed to all the vicissitudes of competition to all the fluctuations of the market" (Marx, 4). Steinbeck and Marx find an obvious agreement over the situation and classification of the Okies, the proletarian workers.    One must also consider the role of the capitalist bankers and upper-class owners in the novel. The banks serve several purposes. First in the novel, they force the rural farmers off of their lands. Being the natural proletariat, they must take to the road in order to find a job. The upper class, as well, distribut... ...hing for a reform of the current system. Bear in mind however, that there is no way to reform a system and let it be run by a "monster." Steinbeck's complaints about capitalism stem from its very basis and allow for no reform short of revolution. The old ways have died, violence is building, and as Marx would agree, revolution is imminent. The bourgeoisie and proletariat exist exactly as Marx states, and all the conditions are shaping up for a proletarian uprising. The revolution draws nigh as Steinbeck's characters learn the principles and values on which Marx bases communism. The Marxist revolution in The Grapes of Wrath is at hand, especially as working men unite.    Works Cited Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin Books, 1998.   

Nova Incorporated Essay -- essays research papers business

Nova Incorporated : Two Sourcing Opportunities An Introduction Before John Fisher decides to take some holidays he gets two memorandums from their Executives in Asia PAC and South America that are showing their interest in to improve the RONA thought strategic alliances in APAC and an outsourcing contract in South America to better improve RONA and delivery in both areas. Questions 1.Evaluate the risks and rewards of internationalization/globalization through cooperative strategies via the opportunities to (1) enter into joint ventures in China and India in exchange for licenses to NOVA's process and product technology and (2) outsource manufacturing in Brazil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joint Ventures in China & India   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risks -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government Laws and policies -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Quality Control Rewards -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low labor price -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reduce cost of distribution -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase sales by a factor of 10 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase RONA up to 55% -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Export opportunities in other neighbors market -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expand Brand and technology to these countries Outsourcing Manufacturing in Brazil Risks -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Quality Control -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Product Secrets -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss of Innovation Rewards -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No Investment from NOVA -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No transportation or distribution cost -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No currency fluctuations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reduce time to supply the warehouse in Brazil -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase RONA up to 40% -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase value of Costumer Service 2.Discuss market orientation in the context of sourcing...

William Shakespeare :: English Literature

William Shakespeare The Globe William Shakespeare was one of the most famous play writers of all time. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England more than four hundred years ago. At the young age of eighteen Shakespeare wedd a woman by the name of Anne Hathaway whom was eight years older than him. Together they had a daughter called Susanna and twins Hamnet and Judith. Shakespeare decided to start travelling and to go to London. Luckily for Shakespeare just before he went to London, theatres had been opened for travelling actors for they weren’t respected and a man by the name of James Burbage wanted to change that. He did this so that actors could gain more dignity. This led to the first public playhouse being built in England. This playhouse was a great success and was very popular so gradually more and more were built. In a playhouse there were three tiers of galleries which looked down to the yard where most of the audience stood. For it was only a penny to stand in the yard whereas in the gallery benches it was two pence. To sit on cushions in the gentlemen’s rooms it was three pence and for six pence the well-off would sit in the Lords room. The stage came out into the yard and was open to the sky. Over the back of the stage ran an upper stage and beneath the upper stage was what was known as the tiring house. The tiring house was concealed from the audience by a curtain which would be drawn back to reveal an inner stage. There weren’t any large curtains to conceal the whole stage so all scenes on the main stage began with an entrance and ended with an exit so in tragedies the dead must be carried away. The fact that there was no scenery meant that there were no limits to the number of scenes as when a scene came to an end then the characters would just simply leave the scene. The audiences loved Shakespeare’s plays. Hundreds of people would squeeze into the theatre with their food and drink to watch. Sadly a deadly plague interrupted the theatres success and meant that for two years all playhouses were closed. During this time Shakespeare wrote several plays and two long poems. In 1597 the theatre was forced to close after twenty one years for it was on rented land and the agreement with the landowner had ended. The landowner wanted to keep the playhouse to himself and to reuse its valuable oak timber but that wasn’t the plan of the two brothers who

Globalization and Sport Essay

â€Å"Sport is where an entire life can be compressed into a few hours, where the emotions of a lifetime can be felt on an acre or two of ground, where a person can suffer and die and rise again on six miles of trails through a New York City park. Sport is a theater where sinner can turn saint and a common man become an uncommon hero, where the past and the future can fuse with the present. Sport is singularly able to give us peak experiences where we feel completely one with the world and transcend all conflicts as we finally become our own potential. † This quote by George A. Sheehan taken from Quote Garden definitely says it all. They say if there’s one thing that binds a country and its people despite political differences and social struggles, it is sport. Sport is the most universal characteristic of pop culture. It defies language barriers and national boundaries to a common language of obsessions and desires. Globalization and Sport by Miller, Lawrence, McKay, and Rowe mediates between sport and culture, sport and globalization, or culture and globalization. It discusses that sport is not only an apparent means of one’s pleasure, but also a part of government, economics, and socials of daily life. Sport is also scrutinized as a major guise of globalization. As I have earlier said, sport unifies organizations, communities and brings forth economic abundance. What makes world championships or Olympic Games enticing is the fact that the world is so focused on a specific country or organization. The fight for victory, power, and recognition are mainly the goals of competing countries showing off their skills and strength via television to countless expectant viewers. The fight of their country is the fight for globalization. What then is globalization? It is a â€Å"process through which space and time are compressed by technology, information flows, and trade and power relations, allowing distant actions to have increased significance at the local level† (Miller et al, 2001, p. 131). Also, globalization simply means autonomous movement for goods and people. This movement is said to have a definite influence on intellectual, economic, social, and governmental practices. Thus, it is regarded as the keyword for the international trade plans of the sports industry and the business sector. What are the effects of globalization of sport in the local and national scales? Debates are strong and fierce in globalization. There is a sudden emergence of a pro-globalist and anti-globalist. This new concept is to some extent viewed in two opposing perspectives. Globalization is considered as an indication of progress or advancement, especially for Third World countries who attest to utilizing sport for nation building objectives. But for some people, globalization is an adversity to the world economy. Little nations or few developing countries still do fear of being taken over, completely ruled and dominated by the much industrialized nations such as the United States and Europe through the intervention of sports entertainment. They blame globalization for confusing the true identity of the country and the culture of its people, undermining nationalism. In fact globalized sports in media influence people’s opinions regarding their own origin and other countries as well. Similar writings about sport, globalization, and cultural imperialism offer a full description as to how sport connects with distinct mentalities within the historical and national frameworks. But only time will tell which perspective is correct, if a nation’s transformation towards globalization is actually healthy and significant. Lest we forget that there also people who are standing just in the middle of things, waiting for good endings to happen. The authors see globalization as ugly and dangerous. Our sense of space and time through media is questioned, and jobs are unlikely accepted by individuals on the basis of price and docility rather than work conditions. The authors are also interested in the governmentalization, Americanization, televisualization, and commodification which they see as altogether important to globalization. Globalization process needs to address a lot of political or cultural issues, and so as not to merely be considered as a brand name for economists and sociologists disguising in the world of sports, because it is not only the so-called ruling class that tries to profit from the worldwide focus on a given country or event, but even the opposing forces also try to generate news-value to get the attention of the media. The book is enthralling, ideas are thoroughly researched and written, and evidences are vividly shown through eventful phases in the history of sports and media. It is a fascinating book that discusses the theories and effects of globalization in the sports industry. It brings down a very extensive and critical analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of global sports, its historical and cultural considerations, and the role of media in globalizing it. Television is a particular marker of globalization and thus, inseparable with global sport. Remember how sport communicates with advertising, promotion, and commodification as it collects experiences between nations. The author and contributing writers made a wonderful job in collating data from previous to the current events that are taking hold in the nation. Presenting their sample ideas and evidences in their arguments are great means to fully comprehend the parameters of sport and globalization. In this case, it is not misleading its readers. It is highly recommended to academicians, sports enthusiasts, and even to the newbie in the sociology of sports. The major author Toby Miller is an editor and a professor who studies media, sport, labor, gender, race, citizenship, politics, cultural policy, textual analysis, archival research, and ethnography. Co-author Geoffrey Lawrence is foundation professor of sociology and the executive director of the Institute for Sustainable Regional Development at Central Queensland University, Australia. Co-author Jim McKay teaches pop culture in the Co-author David Rowe is an associate professor in media and cultural studies. Everyday is a lingering moment of reflection. We wake up and see ourselves on a different plane. We sleep and hope that tomorrow will still remain. But again, we wake up and find that who we are yesterday is not who we are now. What we think is real is almost dead and gone in our dreams. Globalization is storming over every nation like angry wind and rain. It is painstakingly taking over each life every single day, changing the course of an individual, a society, and eventually the whole nation. If we cannot escape the evolution in civilization, then our lives will continuously revolve on our country’s political axis. They say the bearing of a man remains to be seen in the culture of its nation. What happens to our culture if we are eventually drowned by globalization? Even in the most entertaining way to release our frustrations, which is sport, globalization has taken over. If we are globalized, are we surely free? Can you clothe the naked with your global brands of sports clothing? Can you feed international recognition and power to the hungry? Can you house the homeless in your house of victory? Can you water hope to the hopelessly stricken? Then each poor man in this world will have to painfully battle against economic modernization or industrialization. Therefore, men should not live in a world where he feels condemned to this kind of fake freedom, and if losing one’s self is the price of it. But that wishful thinking remains up to this day impossible. Reference Miller, T. , Lawrence, G. , McKay, J. , Rowe, D. (2001). Globalization and sport: playing the world. London: Sage.

Instant Coffee Essay

Everyone will not believe that coffee is the second people income in the world. There are 30 millions people who gain their income from growing coffee. As the article which had been read by Bob told that coffee has been grown by a lot of farmers in different countries. The type of coffee are Robusta, Arabica, and labarica . Usually, Robusta coffee use to make instant coffee. The first country which grows robusta coffee is Uganda and Indonesia is the second producer of this coffee. Generally, Indonesia is the fourth country which grows coffee in the world. The height of robusta coffee is below 6 meters .The next type coffee is Arabica. That is the coffee which Bob was drunk. It usually uses to make premium coffee. The height is between 600-2000 meters and the largest producer is Brazil, followed by Columbia and Kenya. The last is Labarica coffee. This coffee grows in few areas which has below 2000 high meters. It uses to make blended coffee. Based on the article there are also 3 style of coffee that is instant coffee, espresso coffee and brewed coffee. Brewed coffee is usually drunk by the European country. But, it was strange that U.K mostly choose instant coffee. Britannia supposes to choose espresso coffee while American chooses instant coffee. In Asian, Japan drink more brewed coffee. There is also institution which maintains market price of coffee, is called ICO who was made up by United Nations in 1963. They act as mediator between producing countries and consuming countries.